The pervasive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is just beginning to be analyzed. To conclude, the consumption of dietary supplements among adults in Lithuania increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The consumption of dietary supplements appropriate for these purposes increased among 63.3% and 66.9% of respondents, respectively. During the pandemic, the strengthening of the immune system and the body were the leading reasons for consumption (49.0% and 43.5%, respectively). In 2021, the consumption was more prevalent among females, respondents with university education, urban citizens, employed respondents, respondents without children, with higher income, and those who knew a person with COVID-19 (p < 0.05). Although the majority (73.7%) of the respondents indicated that the pandemic had no effect on their use of dietary supplements, every fourth respondent’s (24.6%) consumption increased. The consumption of dietary supplements was prevalent among 67.2% and 78.1% of the samples, respectively. Anonymous original questionnaires were used to collect the data about the consumption of dietary supplements before and during the pandemic. This study included two samples of adults from Lithuania: 870 in 20 in 2021. In the light of the changing pattern of the consumption of dietary supplements among adults in other countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, we aim to assess the prevalence of the consumption of dietary supplements with respect to the purpose of consumption and sociodemographic factors among adults in Lithuania. However, further efforts are needed to investigate the main causes and consequences of this change. Overall, these findings suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced maternal diet during pregnancy.
A similar result was obtained by analyzing the adherence to a prudent dietary pattern, derived through PCA and characterized by high intake of cooked and row vegetables, legumes, fruit, fish, and soup. Accordingly, after adjusting for covariates, mothers enrolled during the pandemic were more likely to report low adherence to MD than those enrolled before (OR = 1.65 95%CI = 1.12–2.42 p = 0.011). The comparison of maternal dietary consumption before and during the COVID-19 pandemic showed differences in terms of vegetables (p < 0.001), fruit (p < 0.001), dairy products (p < 0.001), fish (p < 0.001), and legumes (p = 0.001). Dietary data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire and analyzed through the Mediterranean diet (MD) score and principal component analysis (PCA). Here, we evaluated the impact of COVID-19 on the diet of pregnant women, using data from two mother–child cohorts in Sicily (Italy). The COVID-19 pandemic, however, may have compromised dietary habits in the general population and in specific subgroups of individuals. Further research of the post-pandemic period is needed to assess long-term changes in fatty liver disease.Ī maternal diet, before and during pregnancy, plays a key role in ensuring maternal and newborn health. In conclusion, the SSD system may contribute to fatty liver changes in individuals who regularly consume alcohol. Abnormal alanine transaminase levels were more often developed in the transition period than in the pre-SSD period, especially in men (11.1% vs. This finding was more prominent in women than in men.
Fatty liver developed and aggravated more in the transition period (13.6% development and 12.0% aggravation) than in the pre-SSD period (10.8% development and 10.1% aggravation) in the alcohol consumption group.
Our retrospective cohort analysis included 5668 participants who underwent health checkups at 13 university hospitals during the SSD period and two or more checkups before the SSD period. Changes in fatty liver and liver enzymes were assessed in different groups stratified by alcohol consumption.
The present study investigated the development and aggravation of fatty liver measured using ultrasonography during the transition period (from pre-SSD to SSD) compared to the fatty liver changes during the pre-SSD period. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Korean government implemented policies including the systematic social distancing (SSD) system which started on 28 June 2020.
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